This book describes the progress in flame retardancy of both natural and synthetic fibres/fabrics moving from the traditional approaches (back-coating techniques), current chemical solutions (P-, N-, S-, B- based flame retardants) to the novel up-to-date strategies (deposition and/or assembly of architectures, plasma treatments, sol-gel processes).
More specifically, the fundamental aspects, the chemistry of current flame retardant textile technologies including back-coating process and the obtained improvements are thoroughly reviewed, taking into account the detrimental environmental effects due to the use of halogen-based additives such as bromine derivatives.
Then, an overview of the chemical development of flame retardant strategies based on halogen-free compounds is summarized.
The third part of the book is devoted to a description of the up-to-date innovative solutions, based on nanotechnology. The surface deposition of coatings having a different chemical structure, is highlighted in detail.
To this aim, the effect of (nano)architectures derived from (nano)particle adsorption, plasma deposition/grafting, layer by layer assembly, sol-gel treatments on fibres/fabrics is thoroughly discussed.
Table of content:
1 Burning Hazards of Textiles and Terminology
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Hazards of Burning Textiles
1.3 Glossary of Terms
1.4 Hazard Assessment and Testing Methodologies for Flame Retardance References
2 Fundamental Aspects of Flame Retardancy
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Thermal Degradation of Polymers
2.3 Thermo-oxidative Degradation of Polymers
2.4 Degradation of Individual Fibre-forming Polymer Types
2.4.1 Natural Fibre-forming Polymers
2.4.1.1 Cellulose
2.4.1.2 Protein Fibre-forming Polymers
2.4.2 Thermoplastic Fibre-forming Polymers
2.4.2.1 Polyolefins
2.4.2.2 Aliphatic Polyamides (Nylons)
2.4.2.3 Polyesters
2.4.3 High Temperature-resistant Fibre-forming Polymers
2.5 Polymer Combustion
2.6 Influence of Polymer Degradation on Subsequent Combustion
2.7 Mechanisms of Flame Retardancy
2.7.1 Chemical and Physical Mechanisms
2.7.2 Retardant Additive and Interactive Effects
2.7.3 Quantification of Synergism
2.7.4 Char Formation
2.7.5 Smoke, Fumes and Combustion Gases
2.8 Effect of Fabric and Yarn Structures References
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Flame retardancy of polymers 